Literature Review : Gambaran Klinis Pasien Dengan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19)
Abstract
Latar Belakang: Pertanggal 18 Juni 2020 terdapat sebanyak lebih dari 14 juta kasus COVID-19 yang terjadi di seluruh dunia dengan persentase angka kematian sebesar 4,2% dan Indonesia menempati urutan pertama kasus terbanyak di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Banyaknya kasus kematian ini tidak terlepas dari gejala yang ditimbulkan, mulai dari ringan hingga berat. Gejala yang ditimbulkan oleh infeksi virus ini tidak spesifik.
Tujuan: Menganalisis gambaran klinis pasien dengan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) berdasarkan studi empiris.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan literature review. Sejumlah 14 artikel digunakan dalam penelitian ini yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditetapkan.
Hasil: Hasil yang didapatkan dari studi literatur ini adalah mayoritas pasien COVID-19 adalah pria dengan usia 40 tahun keatas. Komordibitas yang paling banyak ditemui pada pasien dengan COVID-19 berupa diabetes mellitus, hipertensi, penyakit cardiovascular, penyakit liver kronis, dan penyakit cerebrovascular. Gambaran klinis awal penderita COVID-19 adalah munculnya gejala berupa demam, batuk dan kelelahan klasifikasi ringan. Gejala COVID-19 klasifikasi sedang meliputi demam, gejala pada saluran pernapasan, dan adanya pneumonia berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan radiologi. Selain itu, klasifikasi berat juga digolongkan sebagai gejala COVID-19 yang termasuk RR ≥ 30 x/menit, saturasi oksigen ≤ 93%, tingkat konsentrasi PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg, infiltrasi paru ≥ 50% dalam 24-48 jam, kegagalan napas yang membutuhkan ventilator; sepsis; dan kegagalan multiple organ.
Simpulan: Gejala yang dialami pasien dengan COVID-19 dapat dikategorikan berdasarkan tingkat keparahan penyakit. Untuk peneliti selanjutnya, diperlukan alur penatalaksanaan dari seseorang kasus probable hingga kematian sesuai dengan peran dan fungsi perawat.
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Kata Kunci : COVID-19, Gambaran Klinis
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Background: As of June 18, 2020, there were more than 14 million COVID-19 cases occurring worldwide with a mortality rate of 4.2% and Indonesia ranked first in the Southeast Asia region. The number of cases of death that occurred due to COVID-19 is inseparable from the symptoms caused, ranging from mild to severe. The symptoms caused by this viral infection are not specific.
Aim: Analyze the clinical features of patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) according to evidence-based.
Methods: This study was used a literature review approach. 14 articles used in this study were in accordance with established criteria.
Results: The results obtained from this literature study are that the majority of COVID-19 patients are men aged 40 years and over. The most common comorbidity is diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic liver disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The initial clinical manifestation is fever, cough, and fatigue. Symptoms of moderate classification are fever, symptoms in the respiratory tract, and pneumonia. In addition, severe classification symptoms are RR ≥ 30 x / min, oxygen saturation ≤ 93%, PaO2 / FiO2 concentration level ≤ 300 mmHg, pulmonary infiltration ≥ 50% within 24-48 hours, respiratory failure needs a ventilator; sepsis; and multiple organ failure.
Conclusion: Symptoms experienced by patients with COVID-19 can be categorized based on the severity of the disease. For further researchers, it requires a management flow from a probable case to death according to the role and function of the nurse.
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Keywords: Clinical Features, COVID-19
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33859/dksm.v12i1.680
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